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This section describes the command-line options that are only meaningful
for C++ programs; but you can also use most of the GNU compiler options
regardless of what language your program is in. For example, you
might compile a file firstClass.C
like this:
g++ -g -felide-constructors -O -c firstClass.C
In this example, only `-felide-constructors' is an option meant
only for C++ programs; you can use the other options with any
language supported by GNU CC.
Here is a list of options that are only for compiling C++ programs:
-fno-access-control
- Turn off all access checking. This switch is mainly useful for working
around bugs in the access control code.
-fall-virtual
- Treat all possible member functions as virtual, implicitly.
All member functions (except for constructor functions and
new
or
delete
member operators) are treated as virtual functions of the
class where they appear.
This does not mean that all calls to these member functions will be made
through the internal table of virtual functions. Under some
circumstances, the compiler can determine that a call to a given virtual
function can be made directly; in these cases the calls are direct in
any case.
-fcheck-new
- Check that the pointer returned by
operator new
is non-null
before attempting to modify the storage allocated. The current Working
Paper requires that operator new
never return a null pointer, so
this check is normally unnecessary.
-fconserve-space
- Put uninitialized or runtime-initialized global variables into the
common segment, as C does. This saves space in the executable at the
cost of not diagnosing duplicate definitions. If you compile with this
flag and your program mysteriously crashes after
main()
has
completed, you may have an object that is being destroyed twice because
two definitions were merged.
-fdollars-in-identifiers
- Accept `$' in identifiers. You can also explicitly prohibit use of
`$' with the option `-fno-dollars-in-identifiers'. (GNU C++
allows `$' by default on some target systems but not others.)
Traditional C allowed the character `$' to form part of
identifiers. However, ANSI C and C++ forbid `$' in identifiers.
-fenum-int-equiv
- Anachronistically permit implicit conversion of
int
to
enumeration types. Current C++ allows conversion of enum
to
int
, but not the other way around.
-fexternal-templates
- Cause template instantiations to obey `#pragma interface' and
`implementation'; template instances are emitted or not according
to the location of the template definition. See section Where's the Template?, for more information.
-falt-external-templates
- Similar to -fexternal-templates, but template instances are emitted or
not according to the place where they are first instantiated.
See section Where's the Template?, for more information.
-ffor-scope
-fno-for-scope
- If -ffor-scope is specified, the scope of variables declared in
a for-init-statement is limited to the `for' loop itself,
as specified by the draft C++ standard.
If -fno-for-scope is specified, the scope of variables declared in
a for-init-statement extends to the end of the enclosing scope,
as was the case in old versions of gcc, and other (traditional)
implementations of C++.
The default if neither flag is given to follow the standard,
but to allow and give a warning for old-style code that would
otherwise be invalid, or have different behavior.
-fno-gnu-keywords
- Do not recognize
classof
, headof
, signature
,
sigof
or typeof
as a keyword, so that code can use these
words as identifiers. You can use the keywords __classof__
,
__headof__
, __signature__
, __sigof__
, and
__typeof__
instead. `-ansi' implies
`-fno-gnu-keywords'.
-fno-implicit-templates
- Never emit code for templates which are instantiated implicitly (i.e. by
use); only emit code for explicit instantiations. See section Where's the Template?, for more information.
-fhandle-signatures
- Recognize the
signature
and sigof
keywords for specifying
abstract types. The default (`-fno-handle-signatures') is not to
recognize them. See section Type Abstraction using Signatures.
-fhuge-objects
- Support virtual function calls for objects that exceed the size
representable by a `short int'. Users should not use this flag by
default; if you need to use it, the compiler will tell you so. If you
compile any of your code with this flag, you must compile all of
your code with this flag (including libg++, if you use it).
This flag is not useful when compiling with -fvtable-thunks.
-fno-implement-inlines
- To save space, do not emit out-of-line copies of inline functions
controlled by `#pragma implementation'. This will cause linker
errors if these functions are not inlined everywhere they are called.
-fmemoize-lookups
-fsave-memoized
- Use heuristics to compile faster. These heuristics are not enabled by
default, since they are only effective for certain input files. Other
input files compile more slowly.
The first time the compiler must build a call to a member function (or
reference to a data member), it must (1) determine whether the class
implements member functions of that name; (2) resolve which member
function to call (which involves figuring out what sorts of type
conversions need to be made); and (3) check the visibility of the member
function to the caller. All of this adds up to slower compilation.
Normally, the second time a call is made to that member function (or
reference to that data member), it must go through the same lengthy
process again. This means that code like this:
cout << "This " << p << " has " << n << " legs.\n";
makes six passes through all three steps. By using a software cache, a
"hit" significantly reduces this cost. Unfortunately, using the cache
introduces another layer of mechanisms which must be implemented, and so
incurs its own overhead. `-fmemoize-lookups' enables the software
cache.
Because access privileges (visibility) to members and member functions
may differ from one function context to the next, G++ may need to flush
the cache. With the `-fmemoize-lookups' flag, the cache is flushed
after every function that is compiled. The `-fsave-memoized' flag
enables the same software cache, but when the compiler determines that
the context of the last function compiled would yield the same access
privileges of the next function to compile, it preserves the cache.
This is most helpful when defining many member functions for the same
class: with the exception of member functions which are friends of other
classes, each member function has exactly the same access privileges as
every other, and the cache need not be flushed.
The code that implements these flags has rotted; you should probably
avoid using them.
-fstrict-prototype
- Within an `extern "C"' linkage specification, treat a function
declaration with no arguments, such as `int foo ();', as declaring
the function to take no arguments. Normally, such a declaration means
that the function
foo
can take any combination of arguments, as
in C. `-pedantic' implies `-fstrict-prototype' unless
overridden with `-fno-strict-prototype'.
This flag no longer affects declarations with C++ linkage.
-fno-nonnull-objects
- Don't assume that a reference is initialized to refer to a valid object.
Although the current C++ Working Paper prohibits null references, some
old code may rely on them, and you can use `-fno-nonnull-objects'
to turn on checking.
At the moment, the compiler only does this checking for conversions to
virtual base classes.
-foperator-names
- Recognize the operator name keywords
and
, bitand
,
bitor
, compl
, not
, or
and xor
as
synonyms for the symbols they refer to. `-ansi' implies
`-foperator-names'.
-frepo
- Enable automatic template instantiation. This option also implies
-fno-implicit-templates. See section Where's the Template?, for more
information.
-fthis-is-variable
- Permit assignment to
this
. The incorporation of user-defined
free store management into C++ has made assignment to `this' an
anachronism. Therefore, by default it is invalid to assign to
this
within a class member function; that is, GNU C++ treats
`this' in a member function of class X
as a non-lvalue of
type `X *'. However, for backwards compatibility, you can make it
valid with `-fthis-is-variable'.
-fvtable-thunks
- Use `thunks' to implement the virtual function dispatch table
(`vtable'). The traditional (cfront-style) approach to
implementing vtables was to store a pointer to the function and two
offsets for adjusting the `this' pointer at the call site. Newer
implementations store a single pointer to a `thunk' function which
does any necessary adjustment and then calls the target function.
This option also enables a heuristic for controlling emission of
vtables; if a class has any non-inline virtual functions, the vtable
will be emitted in the translation unit containing the first one of
those.
-nostdinc++
- Do not search for header files in the standard directories specific to
C++, but do still search the other standard directories. (This option
is used when building libg++.)
-traditional
- For C++ programs (in addition to the effects that apply to both C and
C++), this has the same effect as `-fthis-is-variable'.
See section Options Controlling C Dialect.
In addition, these optimization, warning, and code generation options
have meanings only for C++ programs:
-fno-default-inline
- Do not assume `inline' for functions defined inside a class scope.
See section Options That Control Optimization.
-Wenum-clash
-Woverloaded-virtual
-Wtemplate-debugging
- Warnings that apply only to C++ programs. See section Options to Request or Suppress Warnings.
+en
- Control how virtual function definitions are used, in a fashion
compatible with
cfront
1.x. See section Options for Code Generation Conventions.
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